Causes of high risk pregnancy : 

1. Elderly primi (30 yrs and above).
2. Short stature primi (140cm and above).
3. Threatened abortion : It is a condition where the process of abortion has started but has not progressed to a state from which recovery is possible.
4. Ante- partum haemorrhage (APH) : Antepartum haemorrhage is bleeding from genital tract after the 28^th week of pregnancy but before of the baby.
5. Malpresentation : It means the presentation other than vertex presentation e.g. face, brow, breech, shoulder etc presentation.
6. Pre – eclampsia : Pre- eclampsia is defined as the development of hypertension in pregnancy together with proteinuria and generalized oedema after 20^th weeks of gestation.
7. Eclampsia : When pre-eclampsia complicated with convulsion and coma is called eclampsia.
8. Anaemia : Anaemia may be defined as a reduction of haemoglobin concentration per unit volume of peripheral blood below normal range.
9. Elderly grand multiparas.
10. Twin Pregnancy : when two fetus simultaneously develops in the uterus, is called twin pregnancy.
11. Previous history of still birth, IUCD, manual removal of placenta.
12. Prolonged pregnancy.
13. History of previous cesarean section and instrumental delivery.
14. Pregnancy associated with general disease e.g. cardiovascular, Kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, liver disease.

Bleeding in early pregnancy :

Cause of bleeding in early pregnancy :

1. Abortion : Termination of pregnancy before of viability which is considered to occur at 28^th
2. Ectopic Pregnancy : It may be defined as which implantation of the fertilized ovum occurs at any site other than the normal uterine cavity.
3. Hydatiform mole.
4. Implantation bleeding
5. Cervical lesion : Vascular erosion, Cervical polyp, Rupture varicose vein.